![]() The electrophile in a glycosylation reaction the nucleotide sugar in an enzymatic glycosylation reaction. The enzyme-catalyzed covalent attachment of a carbohydrate to a polypeptide, lipid, polynucleotide, carbohydrate, or other organic compound, generally catalyzed by glycosyltransferases, utilizing specific sugar nucleotide donor substrates. The nucleophile in a glycosylation reaction, usually containing a free hydroxyl group. Glycosidic linkages between two monosaccharides have defined regiochemistry and stereochemistry. The linkage generally results from the reaction of a hemiacetal with an alcohol (e.g., a hydroxyl group on another monosaccharide or amino acid) to form an acetal. Linkage of a monosaccharide to another residue via the anomeric hydroxyl group. GlycosideĪ glycan containing at least one glycosidic linkage to another glycan or an aglycone. GlycosidaseĪn enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in a glycan. Polysaccharide side chains of proteoglycans or free complex polysaccharides composed of linear disaccharide repeating units, each composed of a hexosamine and a hexose or a hexuronic acid. The systems-level analysis of glycoproteins, including their protein identities, sites of glycosylation, and glycan structures. GlycoproteinĪ protein with one or more covalently bound glycans. GlycopeptideĪ peptide having one or more covalently attached glycans. Noncarbohydrate compounds that mimic the properties of glycans. The total collection of glycans synthesized by a cell, a tissue, or an organism under specified conditions of time, space, and environment. In higher organisms most glycolipids are glycosphingolipids, but glycoglycerolipids and other types exist. General term denoting a molecule containing a glycan linked to a lipid aglycone. GlycogenĪ polysaccharide comprising α1–4- and α1–6-linked glucose residues that functions in short-term energy storage in animals sometimes referred to as animal starch. Glycoformsĭifferent molecular forms of a glycoprotein, resulting from variable glycan structure and/or glycan attachment site occupancy. ![]() GlycoconjugateĪ molecule in which one or more glycan units are covalently linked to a noncarbohydrate entity. The cell coat consisting of glycans and glycoconjugates surrounding animal cells that is seen as an electron-dense layer by electron microscopy. Study of the structure, chemistry, biosynthesis, and biological functions of glycans and their derivatives. Proteins that recognize and bind to specific glycans and mediate their biological function. Glycan arrayĪ collection of glycans attached to a surface in a spatially addressed manner. Generic term for any sugar or assembly of sugars, in free form or attached to another molecule, used interchangeably in this report with saccharide or carbohydrate. The complete genetic sequence of one set of chromosomes. ![]() S-type (sulfhydryl-dependent) β-galactoside-binding lectins, usually occurring in a soluble form, expressed by a wide variety of animal cell types and distinguishable by the amino acid sequence of their carbohydrate recognition domains. Furanoseįive-membered (four carbons and one oxygen i.e., an oxygen heterocycle) ring form of a monosaccharide named after the structural similarity to the compound furan. For example, mannose is the C-2 epimer of glucose. Two isomeric monosaccharides differing only in the configuration of a single chiral carbon. Deoxy sugarĪ monosaccharide in which a hydroxyl group is replaced by a hydrogen atom. Complex glycanĪ glycan containing more than one type of monosaccharide. It is the main component of the cell walls of fungi and the exoskeletons of arthopods, among other functions. ChitinĪ repeating homopolymer of β1–4-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine residues. Glycan synthesis that uses both chemical and enzymatic transformations to obtain the desired product. CelluloseĪ repeating homopolymer of β1–4-linked glucose residues. In lectins it is often a highly evolutionarily conserved region of the polypeptide. The domain of a polypeptide that is specifically involved in binding to a carbohydrate. This term includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides as well as derivatives of these compounds. Generic term used interchangeably in this report with sugar, saccharide, or glycan. Stereoisomers of a monosaccharide that differ only in configuration at the anomeric carbon of the ring structure. The carbon atom of a monosaccharide that bears the hemiacetal functionality (C-1 for most sugars C-2 for sialic acids). A monosaccharide in which an alcoholic hydroxyl group is replaced by an amino group.
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